U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Clostridioides difficile infection

MedGen UID:
575554
Concept ID:
C0343386
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Clostridioides difficile Infection; Clostridium difficile Infection; Clostridium difficile Infections; Infection, Clostridioides difficile; Infection, Clostridium difficile
SNOMED CT: Clostridium difficile infection (186431008); Clostridioides difficile infection (186431008); Infection caused by Clostridioides difficile (186431008)

Definition

A bacterial infection caused by Clostridium difficile (Clostridioides difficile), which is a spore-forming, toxin-producing Gram-positive anaerobic bacillus that is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Infection may cause symptoms ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon, and risk factors include use of antibiotic medication, advanced age, and hospital or long-term care facility admission. [from NCI]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVClostridioides difficile infection

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Johnson S, Lavergne V, Skinner AM, Gonzales-Luna AJ, Garey KW, Kelly CP, Wilcox MH
Clin Infect Dis 2021 Sep 7;73(5):e1029-e1044. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab549. PMID: 34164674
Kelly CR, Fischer M, Allegretti JR, LaPlante K, Stewart DB, Limketkai BN, Stollman NH
Am J Gastroenterol 2021 Jun 1;116(6):1124-1147. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001278. PMID: 34003176
Shenoy ES, Macy E, Rowe T, Blumenthal KG
JAMA 2019 Jan 15;321(2):188-199. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.19283. PMID: 30644987

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Saeed M, Bass S, Chaisson NF
Cleve Clin J Med 2022 Jul 1;89(7):363-367. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.89a.21085. PMID: 35777844
LaPlante KL, Dhand A, Wright K, Lauterio M
Ann Med 2022 Dec;54(1):1686-1700. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2085881. PMID: 35723082Free PMC Article
van Prehn J, Reigadas E, Vogelzang EH, Bouza E, Hristea A, Guery B, Krutova M, Norén T, Allerberger F, Coia JE, Goorhuis A, van Rossen TM, Ooijevaar RE, Burns K, Scharvik Olesen BR, Tschudin-Sutter S, Wilcox MH, Vehreschild MJGT, Fitzpatrick F, Kuijper EJ; Guideline Committee of the European Study Group on Clostridioides difficile
Clin Microbiol Infect 2021 Dec;27 Suppl 2:S1-S21. Epub 2021 Oct 20 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.038. PMID: 34678515
Abad CLR, Safdar N
Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2021 Jun;50(2):323-340. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2021.02.010. PMID: 34024444
Mounsey A, Lacy Smith K, Reddy VC, Nickolich S
Am Fam Physician 2020 Feb 1;101(3):168-175. PMID: 32003951

Diagnosis

Di Bella S, Sanson G, Monticelli J, Zerbato V, Principe L, Giuffrè M, Pipitone G, Luzzati R
Clin Microbiol Rev 2024 Jun 13;37(2):e0013523. Epub 2024 Feb 29 doi: 10.1128/cmr.00135-23. PMID: 38421181Free PMC Article
Feuerstadt P, Louie TJ, Lashner B, Wang EEL, Diao L, Bryant JA, Sims M, Kraft CS, Cohen SH, Berenson CS, Korman LY, Ford CB, Litcofsky KD, Lombardo MJ, Wortman JR, Wu H, Auniņš JG, McChalicher CWJ, Winkler JA, McGovern BH, Trucksis M, Henn MR, von Moltke L
N Engl J Med 2022 Jan 20;386(3):220-229. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2106516. PMID: 35045228
van Prehn J, Reigadas E, Vogelzang EH, Bouza E, Hristea A, Guery B, Krutova M, Norén T, Allerberger F, Coia JE, Goorhuis A, van Rossen TM, Ooijevaar RE, Burns K, Scharvik Olesen BR, Tschudin-Sutter S, Wilcox MH, Vehreschild MJGT, Fitzpatrick F, Kuijper EJ; Guideline Committee of the European Study Group on Clostridioides difficile
Clin Microbiol Infect 2021 Dec;27 Suppl 2:S1-S21. Epub 2021 Oct 20 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.038. PMID: 34678515
Kelly CR, Fischer M, Allegretti JR, LaPlante K, Stewart DB, Limketkai BN, Stollman NH
Am J Gastroenterol 2021 Jun 1;116(6):1124-1147. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001278. PMID: 34003176
Mounsey A, Lacy Smith K, Reddy VC, Nickolich S
Am Fam Physician 2020 Feb 1;101(3):168-175. PMID: 32003951

Therapy

Dulhunty JM, Brett SJ, De Waele JJ, Rajbhandari D, Billot L, Cotta MO, Davis JS, Finfer S, Hammond NE, Knowles S, Liu X, McGuinness S, Mysore J, Paterson DL, Peake S, Rhodes A, Roberts JA, Roger C, Shirwadkar C, Starr T, Taylor C, Myburgh JA, Lipman J; BLING III Study Investigators
JAMA 2024 Aug 27;332(8):629-637. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.9779. PMID: 38864155Free PMC Article
Feuerstadt P, Louie TJ, Lashner B, Wang EEL, Diao L, Bryant JA, Sims M, Kraft CS, Cohen SH, Berenson CS, Korman LY, Ford CB, Litcofsky KD, Lombardo MJ, Wortman JR, Wu H, Auniņš JG, McChalicher CWJ, Winkler JA, McGovern BH, Trucksis M, Henn MR, von Moltke L
N Engl J Med 2022 Jan 20;386(3):220-229. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2106516. PMID: 35045228
van Prehn J, Reigadas E, Vogelzang EH, Bouza E, Hristea A, Guery B, Krutova M, Norén T, Allerberger F, Coia JE, Goorhuis A, van Rossen TM, Ooijevaar RE, Burns K, Scharvik Olesen BR, Tschudin-Sutter S, Wilcox MH, Vehreschild MJGT, Fitzpatrick F, Kuijper EJ; Guideline Committee of the European Study Group on Clostridioides difficile
Clin Microbiol Infect 2021 Dec;27 Suppl 2:S1-S21. Epub 2021 Oct 20 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.038. PMID: 34678515
Abad CLR, Safdar N
Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2021 Jun;50(2):323-340. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2021.02.010. PMID: 34024444
Mounsey A, Lacy Smith K, Reddy VC, Nickolich S
Am Fam Physician 2020 Feb 1;101(3):168-175. PMID: 32003951

Prognosis

Dulhunty JM, Brett SJ, De Waele JJ, Rajbhandari D, Billot L, Cotta MO, Davis JS, Finfer S, Hammond NE, Knowles S, Liu X, McGuinness S, Mysore J, Paterson DL, Peake S, Rhodes A, Roberts JA, Roger C, Shirwadkar C, Starr T, Taylor C, Myburgh JA, Lipman J; BLING III Study Investigators
JAMA 2024 Aug 27;332(8):629-637. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.9779. PMID: 38864155Free PMC Article
van Prehn J, Reigadas E, Vogelzang EH, Bouza E, Hristea A, Guery B, Krutova M, Norén T, Allerberger F, Coia JE, Goorhuis A, van Rossen TM, Ooijevaar RE, Burns K, Scharvik Olesen BR, Tschudin-Sutter S, Wilcox MH, Vehreschild MJGT, Fitzpatrick F, Kuijper EJ; Guideline Committee of the European Study Group on Clostridioides difficile
Clin Microbiol Infect 2021 Dec;27 Suppl 2:S1-S21. Epub 2021 Oct 20 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.038. PMID: 34678515
Guh AY, Mu Y, Winston LG, Johnston H, Olson D, Farley MM, Wilson LE, Holzbauer SM, Phipps EC, Dumyati GK, Beldavs ZG, Kainer MA, Karlsson M, Gerding DN, McDonald LC; Emerging Infections Program Clostridioides difficile Infection Working Group
N Engl J Med 2020 Apr 2;382(14):1320-1330. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1910215. PMID: 32242357Free PMC Article
PEPTIC Investigators for the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Alberta Health Services Critical Care Strategic Clinical Network, and the Irish Critical Care Trials Group, Young PJ, Bagshaw SM, Forbes AB, Nichol AD, Wright SE, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Beasley R, Brickell K, Eastwood GM, Gattas DJ, van Haren F, Litton E, Mackle DM, McArthur CJ, McGuinness SP, Mouncey PR, Navarra L, Opgenorth D, Pilcher D, Saxena MK, Webb SA, Wiley D, Rowan KM
JAMA 2020 Feb 18;323(7):616-626. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.22190. PMID: 31950977Free PMC Article
Shenoy ES, Macy E, Rowe T, Blumenthal KG
JAMA 2019 Jan 15;321(2):188-199. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.19283. PMID: 30644987

Clinical prediction guides

Dulhunty JM, Brett SJ, De Waele JJ, Rajbhandari D, Billot L, Cotta MO, Davis JS, Finfer S, Hammond NE, Knowles S, Liu X, McGuinness S, Mysore J, Paterson DL, Peake S, Rhodes A, Roberts JA, Roger C, Shirwadkar C, Starr T, Taylor C, Myburgh JA, Lipman J; BLING III Study Investigators
JAMA 2024 Aug 27;332(8):629-637. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.9779. PMID: 38864155Free PMC Article
Baunwall SMD, Andreasen SE, Hansen MM, Kelsen J, Høyer KL, Rågård N, Eriksen LL, Støy S, Rubak T, Damsgaard EMS, Mikkelsen S, Erikstrup C, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL
Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022 Dec;7(12):1083-1091. Epub 2022 Sep 22 doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00276-X. PMID: 36152636
Feuerstadt P, Louie TJ, Lashner B, Wang EEL, Diao L, Bryant JA, Sims M, Kraft CS, Cohen SH, Berenson CS, Korman LY, Ford CB, Litcofsky KD, Lombardo MJ, Wortman JR, Wu H, Auniņš JG, McChalicher CWJ, Winkler JA, McGovern BH, Trucksis M, Henn MR, von Moltke L
N Engl J Med 2022 Jan 20;386(3):220-229. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2106516. PMID: 35045228
van Prehn J, Reigadas E, Vogelzang EH, Bouza E, Hristea A, Guery B, Krutova M, Norén T, Allerberger F, Coia JE, Goorhuis A, van Rossen TM, Ooijevaar RE, Burns K, Scharvik Olesen BR, Tschudin-Sutter S, Wilcox MH, Vehreschild MJGT, Fitzpatrick F, Kuijper EJ; Guideline Committee of the European Study Group on Clostridioides difficile
Clin Microbiol Infect 2021 Dec;27 Suppl 2:S1-S21. Epub 2021 Oct 20 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.038. PMID: 34678515
Shenoy ES, Macy E, Rowe T, Blumenthal KG
JAMA 2019 Jan 15;321(2):188-199. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.19283. PMID: 30644987

Recent systematic reviews

Wang Y, Parpia S, Ge L, Heels-Ansdell D, Lai H, Esfahani MA, Pan B, Alhazzani W, Schandelmaier S, Lauzier F, Arabi Y, Barletta J, Deane A, Finfer S, Williamson D, Kanji S, Møller MH, Perner A, Krag M, Young PJ, Dionne JC, Hammond N, Ye Z, Ibrahim Q, Cook D
NEJM Evid 2024 Jul;3(7):EVIDoa2400134. Epub 2024 Jun 14 doi: 10.1056/EVIDoa2400134. PMID: 38874580
Prosty C, Hanula R, Katergi K, Longtin Y, McDonald EG, Lee TC
Clin Infect Dis 2024 Feb 17;78(2):430-438. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad523. PMID: 37648251
Manzoor F, Manzoor S, Pinto R, Brown K, Langford BJ, Daneman N
Clin Microbiol Infect 2023 Nov;29(11):1367-1374. Epub 2023 Jun 14 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.06.010. PMID: 37327874
Minkoff NZ, Aslam S, Medina M, Tanner-Smith EE, Zackular JP, Acra S, Nicholson MR, Imdad A
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023 Apr 25;4(4):CD013871. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013871.pub2. PMID: 37096495Free PMC Article
Garey KW, Rose W, Gunter K, Serio AW, Wilcox MH
Ann Pharmacother 2023 Feb;57(2):184-192. Epub 2022 Jun 3 doi: 10.1177/10600280221089007. PMID: 35656828Free PMC Article

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Recent activity

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...